[{"id":254111,"date":"2026-08-26T00:00:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T04:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254111"},"modified":"2026-08-26T12:50:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T16:50:56","slug":"wouldnt-you-like-to-know-a-mouse-would","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/behavior\/wouldnt-you-like-to-know-a-mouse-would\/","title":{"rendered":"Wouldn\u2019t you like to know? A mouse would"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mice seek information for curiosity\u2019s sake\u2014and their desire for knowledge versus a payout is represented distinctly in the brain, new findings suggest.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":254113,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[722,166,1170,56,560],"class_list":["post-254111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-behavior","tag-cognitive-neuroscience","tag-frontal-lobe","tag-neural-circuits","tag-reward-system"],"acf":{"primary_tag":722,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/EAQD9986","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"feat_image","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<b>Sniff test<\/b>: Mice given the choice between smelling odors that indicate whether a reward will soon follow versus odors that provide no clues usually opt for the informative ones.","hero_by":"Photograph by Richard Drury","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[250256],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"5da4e96b-d265-4eb7-9c86-0aed72c6deed","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAll men by nature desire to know\u201d is the first line of Aristotle\u2019s work \u201cMetaphysics.\u201d<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New findings show that this statement extends across the animal kingdom to mice, too.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mice seek information even if it does not correlate with receiving a reward\u2014a positive payout such as food and water\u2014and they will, in fact, give up a reward in exchange for information, according to a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02377-y\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Neuroscience<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> this July. The orbitofrontal cortex represents the value of information differently from the value of a reward.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The major contribution of this work \u201cis showing that mice also value information in the same way that we know that humans and other primates do,\u201d says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psychology.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/joseph-kable\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joe Kable<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study. This \u201cmakes it possible to study this particular cognitive process of information seeking in an animal model that has many, many, many more tools than the tools that we have to investigate this in humans and other primates.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_text class='']T[\/tt_text]he study builds on the behaviorist tradition stemming from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psychology.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/b-f-skinner\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B.F. Skinner<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019s 1930s experiments on operant conditioning in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC1473025\/#R100\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rats<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and later <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4883506\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pigeons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, showing that outcomes guide behaviors. A variety of animals, including <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24126129\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">humans<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-13135-z\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nonhuman primates<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, preferentially seek information devoid of reward value, according to carefully controlled experiments in which an animal can choose between getting cues that signal a reward to come, or not getting cues at all.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this new work, the researchers trained water-deprived mice to poke their noses into one of two ports that provide equal chances of a sip of water: At the \u201cinformation\u201d port, the animals smelled odors that always indicated whether or not they would get water; at the \u201cno information\u201d port, odors provided no clues.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After mice learned the task, the team let the animals choose between the two ports.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mice chose the information port 78 percent of the time. They also entered the information port faster than the no information one, by an average of 220 milliseconds. At the information port, they would wait to lick the spout until the cue was given, whereas at the no information port, they would start licking immediately. These observations suggest that the mice prefer information, because the probability of receiving water was identical at the two ports.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even after the researchers decreased the amount of water dispensed at the information port, the mice still preferred it\u2014so long as it was only 4 to 6\u2009microliters short of the amount provided at the no information port.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt\u2019s important to convince both yourself and the field that you\u2019re studying the behavior and the strategy and the cognitive process that you are intending to study, right?\u201d says study investigator <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jenniferbussell.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jennifer Bussell<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a postdoctoral neuroscientist in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.axellab.columbia.edu\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Axel lab<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Columbia University. It took many iterations of the task for her to convince herself and colleagues that the mice really are seeking information without other confounding factors, she says. \u201cI hope we have convinced everyone at this point, at least about the behavior, because we struggled for such a long time to find a version of the task that we thought would work.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_text class='']C[\/tt_text]alcium imaging of excitatory neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex shows overlap among the neurons that responded to information versus reward, but also distinct representations, indicating that separate pathways track the desire to know something versus the desire to have something.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_254117\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-254117 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/INSIDE-LabVials-smells-1200-1024x683.png\" alt=\"Lab detail showing multiple vials connected to small tubes. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" \/> <b>Tube tangle<\/b>: A plethora of tubes contain the olfactory agents that guide mice through behavioral tests to prove that they seek information. Courtesy of Thomas Barlow \/ Zuckerman Institute[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcm.edu\/research\/faculty-labs\/benjamin-hayden-lab\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ben Hayden<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of neurosurgery at the Baylor College of Medicine, says he is \u201cjazzed\u201d about this paper because he has been following these experiments for years, although he was not involved in the work. He has worked on a similar <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.050\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> looking at nonhuman primate information seeking and its representation in the orbitofrontal cortex, but says, \u201cYou can do much better neuroscience with a mouse than you can with a monkey\u201d for the purpose of studying the neural circuitry that underpins information seeking.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new study\u2019s initial representational mapping draws similar conclusions to previous work done in non-human primates, but next, Bussell would like to do \u201cactivity-dependent labeling and tracing, which is one of these things that is somewhat straightforward in a mouse and potentially not possible in other model systems.\u201d She would like to also look beyond the orbitofrontal cortex at \u201cplaces like medial prefrontal cortex and the insula.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This paper is \u201clandmark,\u201d says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu\/jacqueline-gottlieb-phd\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jacqueline Gottlieb<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of Neuroscience at Columbia University, who was not involved in the work, because it sets up a behavioral paradigm to study information seeking in mice, where \u201cthere are more manipulations that can be done. You can monitor neurotransmitter release. You can do genetic manipulation. So it opens the door to a deeper understanding of the biology.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254111"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":255109,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254111\/revisions\/255109"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/250256"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/722"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254111"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254408,"date":"2026-08-25T00:00:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T04:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254408"},"modified":"2026-09-24T09:59:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T13:59:14","slug":"five-new-neuroscience-books-and-other-notable-titles-from-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/reviews\/five-new-neuroscience-books-and-other-notable-titles-from-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Five new neuroscience books, and other notable titles from 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><em>The Transmitter<\/em>\u2019s summer reading list includes an autopsy of the Human Brain Project, an overview of the neuroscience of motherhood and a memoir from a pioneer in Huntington\u2019s disease research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254410,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[149],"tags":[189,604,166,143,150,1068,605,207,126,573],"class_list":["post-254408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","tag-behavioral-neuroscience","tag-books","tag-cognitive-neuroscience","tag-computational-neuroscience","tag-consciousness","tag-neuroimaging","tag-reviews","tag-science-and-society","tag-sleep","tag-theoretical-neuroscience"],"acf":{"primary_tag":605,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/UWJI2014","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"feat_image","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<strong>Summer reading:<\/strong> <em>The Transmitter<\/em>\u2019s book list features titles by prominent neuroscientists such as Romain Brette, Susana Carmona, Mark Humphries and David Sussillo.","hero_by":"","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[206346],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"custom","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":[{"article":247944},{"article":247224},{"article":247066}]},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"3908cb74-10ae-4e83-a006-b0223050bbc6","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"section_title_comp","section_title":"Upcoming titles:"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262054782\/a-mothers-brain\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254412' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262054782\/a-mothers-brain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\"A Mother\u2019s Brain: The New Science of the Neuro-Maternal Revolution\"<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Susana Carmona (MIT Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a 2024 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Neuroscience <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paper, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/neuromaternal.es\/miembros\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susana Carmona<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0analyzed brain imaging data from more than 100 pregnant women in Spain, making it one of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-023-01513-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most detailed studies<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of what happens in the human brain during gestation. In her new book \u201cA Mother\u2019s Brain,\u201d she provides a comprehensive, research-based view of the dynamic brain transformation that occurs during those nine months while sharing her own experiences of motherhood. Originally published in Spanish in 2024, Carmona\u2019s book dives into the changes in neuroplasticity that happen before and after birth, the neuroscience of matrescence and the connections between hormones and maternal behavior. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 6 October 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/hardcover\/9780691265995\/brain-flows?srsltid=AfmBOor5TAlvQtJ2tLTwkRVvtM5s-zCVw1OZgjSGZSHrGupx6bFBCoSF\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254423' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"Brain Flows: How Network Dynamics Compose the Human Mind\"<\/span><\/a> by Michael Cole <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Princeton University Press)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In his debut book, cognitive neuroscientist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sasn.rutgers.edu\/michael-cole\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Cole<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> examines how brain flows\u2014the movement of neuronal activity between neural populations\u2014shape free will, intelligence and creativity. In the first half of the book, Cole delivers a summary of the latest research in brain flow dynamics in cognitive, computational and network neuroscience. The second half lays out a theoretical framework to guide future research into how these patterns generate the hallmark properties of the human mind. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 3 November 2026<\/span><\/i>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262054058\/the-phantom-mind\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254436' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"The Phantom Mind: Insights from the Borderlands of Sleep\"<\/span><\/a> by Baland Jalal <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(MIT Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sleep paralysis\u2014a peculiar glitch that results in a hybrid, unstable state of consciousness\u2014is caused by disrupted neuronal mechanisms that flip the brain from wakefulness to sleep. In \u201cThe Phantom Mind,\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psychology.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/baland-jalal\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baland Jalal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explores the neuroscience behind sleep paralysis and other states of fractured sleep, as well as their broad cultural impact. Throughout the book, Baland argues that making sense of what happens in the brain during these borderland sleep states is the key to understanding consciousness, imagination and what makes us human. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 17 November 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262054645\/a-brain-for-europe\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254456' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"A Brain for Europe: Big Science, Big Models, and the Politics of Unification\"<\/span><\/a> by Tara Mahfoud <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(MIT Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2013, the European Commission launched the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanbrainproject.eu\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Brain Project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (HBP) with the goal of building a massive digital infrastructure for brain research. In her new book, sociologist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.essex.ac.uk\/people\/MAHFO02706\/Tara-Mahfoud\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tara Mahfoud<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dissects the research and debates that shaped the ambitious initiative, which ended in 2023. Mahfoud uses interviews with HBP scientists and administrators, as well as observations from their meetings with the European Commission, to explore how competing visions over brain models turned into debates over scientific governance, offering a critique of big team science in the process.<\/span><i> <\/i>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 24 November 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/books\/9780674300293\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254435' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"The Latent Brain: The New Science of How We Think, Feel, and Act\"<\/span><\/a> by Mark Humphries <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Harvard University Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In his latest book, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nottingham.ac.uk\/psychology\/people\/mark.humphries\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mark Humphries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> makes a call for a theoretical shift in neuroscience, arguing that a focus on individual neuronal activity is no longer sufficient to comprehend the brain. He proposes instead the \u201clatent brain\u201d hypothesis, which posits that brain function is embodied in the collective activity of neuronal networks and dynamical systems. Humphries draws on decades of research across brain regions and animal models to survey how dynamical systems help us understand the brain and what the field needs to do to further that knowledge. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 2 March 2027<\/span><\/i>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/contributor\/mark-humphries\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humphries' contributions to The Transmitter.<\/span><\/i><\/a>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"section_title_comp","section_title":"Also published in 2026:"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262054362\/brains-minds-machines\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254433' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"Brains Minds Machines: The Mystery of Human Intelligence, the Enigmas of the Artificial\"<\/span><\/a> by Tomaso Poggio and Marco Magrini <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(MIT Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Originally published in Italian in 2023, \u201cBrain Minds Machines\u201d tells the history of scientists\u2019 attempts to understand intelligence and replicate it using mathematical modeling. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mcgovern.mit.edu\/profile\/tomaso-poggio\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tomaso Poggio<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, one of the founders of computational neuroscience, and journalist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.magrini.net\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marco Magrini<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> outline landmark scientific discoveries about intelligence, assess the commonalities between animal and human intelligence and consider the opportunities and risks that artificial intelligence presents for the future. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 25 August 2026<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/whole-brain-modelling-9780198991250?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254438' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"Whole-Brain Modelling: Cartography of the Dynamics of Mind\"<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Gustavo Deco and Morten Kringelbach (Oxford University Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this book, neuroscientists <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upf.edu\/web\/cns\/gustavo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gustavo Deco<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psych.ox.ac.uk\/team\/mlk\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Morten Kringelbach<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> team up to assess the advances in mathematics, engineering and biophysics that have pushed forward computational techniques of brain modeling<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Throughout the book, they dig into the nuances that shape models, such as the turbulence of brain dynamics and the precise parameters of brain region parcellation, to examine what they call the \u201cnew science of whole brain modelling.\u201d <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 4 May 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691281384\/the-brain-in-theory?srsltid=AfmBOoqcYRrE6UZbjSNx7lYPsuwBZiGjd8jbVieM6r8qBy8U_M6ADC3H\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254431' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"The Brain, In Theory\"<\/span><\/a> by Romain Brette <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Princeton University Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In \u201cThe Brain, In Theory,\u201d cognitive neuroscientist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/romainbrette.fr\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Romain Brette<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pushes back against theories that describe the brain as a \u201cbiological computer.\u201d Across eight chapters, Brette outlines why he believes that the conceptualization of neuronal activity as a neural code is misleading, questions reductionist bottom-up approaches that try to reverse engineer how the brain works and proposes that the field needs to get back to a view of the brain centered around organisms and living entities. Read an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/theoretical-neuroscience\/the-brain-in-theory-an-excerpt\/?swcfpc=1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">excerpt from Chapter 4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of \u201cThe Brain, In Theory\u201d on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Transmitter<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 7 April 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hachettebookgroup.com\/titles\/david-sussillo\/emergence\/9781538768570\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254429' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"Emergence: A Memoir of Boyhood, Computation, and the Mysteries of Mind\"<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by David Sussillo (Grand Central Publishing)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidsussillo.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Sussillo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019s memoir is a candid account of his life both inside and outside the lab. Sussillo traces his life story from a challenging upbringing in New Mexico, where he navigated his parents\u2019 substance abuse and growing up in the foster care system, to his career as an influential computational neuroscientist. \u201cEmergence\u201d shows how a scientist\u2019s life and work are often inseparable. Watch our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/computational-neuroscience\/david-sussillo-on-persistence-luck-and-the-bonds-between-life-and-work\/?swcfpc=1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">interview with Sussillo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about the book. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 17 March 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cshlpress.com\/default.tpl?action=full&amp;--eqskudatarq=1452\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254427' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"My Life, My Science: Pursuing a Cure for Huntington\u2019s Disease\"<\/span><\/a> by Nancy Sabin Wexler <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1979, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cshl.edu\/giving\/double-helix-medals-dinner\/past-dhmd\/2019-2\/nancy-wexler\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nancy Sabin Wexler<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> travelled to Venezuela to study a community with an unusually high rate of Huntington\u2019s disease in hopes of better understanding the condition\u2019s genetic basis. Inspired by a family history of Huntington\u2019s disease, her groundbreaking field work during that trip kickstarted the research that led to the discovery of the HUNTINGTIN gene, which played a large role in the launch of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/human-genome-project\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Genome Project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In her memoir, Wexler, who currently has the disease, gives a thoughtful account of her life\u2019s work and reflects on what it\u2019s like living with the condition she studied throughout her career. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 16 March 2026<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/hardcover\/9780691238920\/the-fox-the-shrew-and-you?srsltid=AfmBOoqQwi3AUabsp_x4HL7s2FdDAk8B2xia6Tq7HkU27F9UpD3ApljK\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254426' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"The Fox, the Shrew, and You: How Brains Evolved\"<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Rogier Mars (Princeton University Press)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk\/team\/rogier-mars\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rogier Mars<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> examines all corners of the animal kingdom, including lemurs, squirrels, dogs and even the humble sea squirt, to provide readers with an in-depth view of the critical moments in evolution that enabled brains to expand in structure, complexity and cognitive capability.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/evolution\/the-fox-the-shrew-and-you-how-brains-evolved-an-excerpt\/?swcfpc=1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">excerpt from Chapter 1<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of \u201cThe Fox, the Shrew, and You\u201d on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Transmitter. <\/span><\/i>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 5 March 2026<\/span><\/i>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<a href=\"https:\/\/us.macmillan.com\/books\/9781250358363\/thelawsofthought\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254425' credit='' author='' author_link=''][\/tt_sidebar_image]\"The Laws of Thought: The Quest for a Mathematical Theory of the Mind\"<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Tom Griffiths (Macmillan Publishers)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cognitive revolution of the 1950s, spurred by philosophers and psychologists, brought about a conceptual shift in the study of the mind and thought. And with that came an understanding that mathematics and mathematical models of cognition could be used to test hypotheses of the mind against human behavior. In his new book, cognitive scientist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cocosci.princeton.edu\/tom\/index.php\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tom Griffiths<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> examines that history and provides his assessment of the current mathematical landscape that seeks to model cognition. He discusses how each of them offer complementary perspectives and explains why they need to come together to provide the field with a more complete picture of the human mind. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication date: 10 February 2026<\/span><\/i>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254408"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254408\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256401,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254408\/revisions\/256401"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/206346"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/605"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254769,"date":"2026-08-25T00:00:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T04:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254769"},"modified":"2026-08-26T12:33:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T16:33:59","slug":"biomarkers-for-autism-and-more","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/spectrum\/biomarkers-for-autism-and-more\/","title":{"rendered":"Biomarkers for autism, and more"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here is a roundup of autism-related news and research spotted around the web for the week of 24 August.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254771,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[17,207,197,196],"class_list":["post-254769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-autism","tag-science-and-society","tag-spectrum","tag-spotted"],"acf":{"primary_tag":197,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/LWLG5178","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"alt_image","hero_alt_image":"","hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"full","hero_caption":"","hero_by":"","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"none","authors":[107484],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"eba14eb3-d9a3-450a-a089-45e5cb809d70","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<b>Measure up:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A new <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2026.08.005\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> details findings and considers the nuances inherent to the efforts of the Autism Biomarkers Consortium for Clinical Trials (ABC-CT), a multicenter project to identify useful biomarkers for autism research. Two measures\u2014one derived from electroencephalography and the other from an eye-tracking task\u2014have emerged as robust and reasonably stable over time. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Transmitter<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reported on these <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/spectrum\/reporters-notebook-highlights-from-insar-2026\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">results<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when they were presented at the INSAR 2026 meeting. Although these biomarkers reliably distinguish autistic people from non-autistic people, they are heterogeneous across individuals and have only modest associations with clinical phenotypes.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<b>Autism research spotted this week:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cPOGZ safeguards neuronal gene chromatin architecture and transcription\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.07.02.736104\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bioRxiv<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image_comp","aspect_ratio":"inline","title":"","image":254771,"link":"","image_caption":"<strong>Moving out:<\/strong> Mice missing the autism-linked gene POGZ (bottom row) show altered histone distribution and repositioning of the neurodevelopmental genes ADGRL3 (left panel, points and arrows), FLRT2 (center) and SLITRK5 (right) compared with wildtype mice (top row).","image_byline":{"by":"","credit":""}},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cEarly clinical prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in KCNQ2-related disorders\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.08.06.26359418\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medRxiv<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMaternal genetic liability to autism spectrum disorders and pregnancy outcomes\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-026-01748-5\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archives of Women\u2019s Mental Health<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cEstimation of direct and indirect polygenic effects and gene-environment interactions using polygenic scores in case-parent trio studies\u201d<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-026-02601-2\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Genetics<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cKennedy\u2019s quiet hunt for autism culprits stalls as Trump orders baseless changes to childhood shots\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kffhealthnews.org\/public-health\/autism-vaccines-rfk-trump-childhood-schedule-changes-debunked-link\/\">KFF Health News<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/i>See also: \u201cNeonatal medical male circumcision and child autism diagnosis\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2026.3239\"><i>JAMA Pediatrics<\/i><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254769","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254769"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254769\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":255099,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254769\/revisions\/255099"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/107484"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/197"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254402,"date":"2026-08-24T00:00:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-24T04:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254402"},"modified":"2026-09-09T16:13:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T20:13:22","slug":"how-when-and-why-to-use-agentic-ai-in-our-neuroscience-labs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/artificial-intelligence\/how-when-and-why-to-use-agentic-ai-in-our-neuroscience-labs\/","title":{"rendered":"How, when and why to use agentic AI in our neuroscience labs"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With agentic AI\u2019s rapid infiltration into science, researchers need to develop AI use policies and practices.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[169,27,143,170,69],"class_list":["post-254402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-perspectives","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-audio-research-news","tag-computational-neuroscience","tag-craft-and-careers","tag-machine-learning"],"acf":{"primary_tag":169,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/NSSZ1001","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"feat_image","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<strong>Taking control:<\/strong> Developing an intentional approach around how to use AI in the lab can help foster open conversations.","hero_by":"Illustration by","hero_credit":242183,"hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[252622],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"b3ca5542-e17d-4171-8a42-898bed2b9699","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAg==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"audio_comp","audio_title":"LISTEN TO THIS STORY:","audio":256174,"apple_link":"","spotify_link":"","google_link":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It dawned on me in early March this year, on the Caribbean island of Barbados, of all places. Konrad Kording, in swimming trunks, stood in front of about 30 PIs with backgrounds mostly in neuroscience and machine learning and live-demoed Claude Code, using a projector hardly visible in the broad daylight. He asked Claude to build a web app, and within minutes it was ready to test. The demo\u2014designed to show how independently agentic AI could now solve tasks\u2014presented the perfect picture: human in swimming trunks, machine working hard.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What struck me wasn't only the scope of the change brought about by agentic AI, but its speed. For me and many others, the impact was immediate; our discussions that day became simulations coded in minutes that would have otherwise cost us days. I quickly realized that this combination of impact and speed is why we can't just \u201cdrift\u201d into this. Instead, we need to get behind the steering wheel and decide how, when and why to use agentic AI in our neuroscience labs. Why? Because it touches at least three things that are central to any neuroscience lab: the research the lab produces, the skills its people build along the way, and the cultural and methodological norms that we expect labs to adhere to.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Back home, it didn\u2019t take long for Claude Code\u2019s impact to hit the lab. We had our annual retreat only three weeks after my Barbados trip, and it was focused on hands-on development of analytical pipelines that we had long wanted to implement. Having already become accustomed to agentic coding, some (including myself) managed to prototype a complex new decoding pipeline for our own data within a day\u2014a development that unintentionally shocked the rest of the lab. From then on, discussions over lunch and dinner focused not on our projects, but rather on how agentic coding will affect us as scientists and our work in the lab. These conversations made me realize that we needed to develop a formal lab AI policy. Ongoing discussions with my team over the next few months, as well as research into public debates, helped us shape that policy.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']O[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ne big concern I heard at our retreat and soon after, mostly from Ph.D. students, was that AI will reduce the room for deep but time-consuming skill development. Students already feel constant time pressure; they\u2019re competing to produce high-impact work with time-limited funding. If others use AI to fire off one output after another, will there still be patience for students to develop at their own pace? Will funding agencies be willing to pay for training, or will they consider not using AI to be too costly? Others grappled with the question of how much researchers need to understand of AI outputs and how to accurately check results. At the same time, many lab members expressed genuine amazement at how well AI can handle some time-consuming tasks. As a PI, I could not leave everyone to contend with these questions by themselves.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the weeks that followed, lab members posted blog posts and articles about AI before we met again to discuss our lab\u2019s policy. The first rule we <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/schucklab.gitlab.io\/ai-policy.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">implemented<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> addressed what we felt was a core issue\u2014the trade-off between human knowledge gain and AI use. There are, of course, cases in which AI can speed learning, but many have expressed the fear that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/from-bench-to-bot\/betting-blind-on-ai-and-the-scientific-mind\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">human training will suffer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ergosphere.blog\/posts\/the-machines-are-fine\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one blog<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> put it, \u201cThe machines are fine. I am worried about us.\u201d Indeed, a recent Anthropic study found that developers who used AI while learning to code <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/anthropic.com\/research\/AI-assistance-coding-skills\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fared worse<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during later learning and comprehension.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_quote author='']<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our lab policy's biggest effect wasn't any single rule, but rather creating a culture in which we discuss AI use rather than hide it.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_quote]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our first principle makes this potential trade-off explicit and asks everyone to manually complete tasks that build core intellectual skills, such as developing questions, building models and writing arguments. Trainees can hand off what they are less interested in learning or are already good at. Writing seemed a particularly slippery slope. By helping us with wordsmithing, AI can reduce the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-023-01679-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">often-discussed barriers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for non-native-speaking writers in an English-dominated academic publishing system. But AI writing assistants don\u2019t just wordsmith, they often change content and can <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adw5578\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shift arguments and even the attitudes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of their users. So we agreed that you must always draft a text yourself before handing it to AI, and carefully watch out for AI-introduced shifts.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The other principles followed naturally. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/neuroscientists-using-ai\/how-to-collaborate-with-ai\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Verify and validate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: AI output sounds confident even when wrong, so know how you can falsify what a model produces. Write scripts that check the output rather than asking the model to check itself. Though such tests are not trivial to come by, Russ Poldrack and others have provided useful and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/html\/2510.22254v2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">concrete input on this process<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Our next principle was to avoid risks. Participant data should not be shared with AI tools, and agents only get access to the folders they need. Hidden instructions embedded in seemingly harmless documents are a real risk, so researchers need to be careful when content with powerful AIs.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relatedly, we agreed that people should invest time in learning to use the tools well, because output quality depends to a large degree on scoping and prompting. Finally, we agreed with the rules around authorship and responsibility that are now widely implemented in journals and conferences: AI is a tool, not a coauthor, and \"the model said so\" is no defense. You own everything you make public.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']F[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or me, the most important outcome was that we started an open conversation. It is not easy to navigate the many gray zones, and transparency about when and how a researcher has used AI is key. I now have regular and open discussions about the role AI played in setting up a particular model or text, and this has helped us identify which AI-assisted results need more scrutiny before we trust them.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For me as a PI, developing an AI policy also does something else. Because I spend far less time with the data and code myself, I must judge not just a result, but how much to trust it. This has become harder to do with AI in the loop. But the heightened transparency in the lab helps my meta-confidence, or the confidence about my confidence in a result. My hope is that in the long term, we can establish a culture that will let lab members use AI in any way that moves their work forward, including quick prototyping with limited understanding, while ensuring that we and our collaborators know what we understand and what we don't. And that we will figure out where to do more follow-up work to solidify, or throw out, these preliminary insights. Our lab policy's biggest effect wasn't any single rule, but rather the creation of a culture in which we discuss AI use rather than hide it.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To me, it seems abundantly clear that moving toward such a culture is urgent. AI use among Ph.D. students is already near universal, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-026-00843-y\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">so are the worries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discussed above. Legal scholars have long noted a treacherous loop in which the mere existence of a circumstance over time normalizes it, making it seem legitimate and just. AI use is on exactly this path: Whatever we all quietly start doing will soon be the norm. That is why we should not only have lab policies but decide as a field where we stand on the shifts in money, priorities and agenda that come with AI. Mathematicians have recognized this and responded collectively with the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/leidendeclaration.ai\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leiden Declaration<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and they, among others, have warned against making academic inquiry too dependent on technologies owned by a handful of corporations. The neuroscience community would do well to follow suit with their own norm-setting statement.<\/span>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254402"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256178,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254402\/revisions\/256178"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/252622"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/242183"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/169"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254219,"date":"2026-08-21T00:00:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T04:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254219"},"modified":"2026-09-09T16:10:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T20:10:51","slug":"climate-neuroscience-needs-integration-and-guided-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/environment\/climate-neuroscience-needs-integration-and-guided-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate neuroscience needs \u2018integration\u2019 and \u2018guided\u2019 research"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Five years after a groundbreaking paper, can a young field move beyond piecemeal studies?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254224,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[153],"tags":[27,182,79,104,301],"class_list":["post-254219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","tag-audio-research-news","tag-central-nervous-system","tag-environment","tag-glial-cells","tag-neurons"],"acf":{"primary_tag":79,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/VMHM8089","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"feat_image","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<strong>Across evolution:<\/strong> Seeking a unifying theory of heat's effect on nervous systems, researchers are investigating animals of varying complexity.","hero_by":"Illustration by Anna Ivanenko","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[107876],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"9bba6821-380f-47ff-8d93-bff329222c15","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABA==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"audio_comp","audio_title":"LISTEN TO THIS STORY:","audio":256169,"apple_link":"","spotify_link":"","google_link":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From late 2013 to early 2016, a mass of ocean water up to 3 degrees Celsius warmer than average pulsed across the North Pacific Ocean. It was one of the largest, longest and most intense marine heat waves on record, extending up to 1 million square miles and showing up as a red, amoeba-like shape on maps of sea surface temperature. Scientists called it The Blob.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, in August 2016, volunteers monitoring the shores of an island near Seattle encountered exactly what they were looking for, and had long feared: a European green crab (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carcinus maenas<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), one of the most notorious invasive species of the global ocean. Though it had already spread from its native range in Europe and North Africa to the shores of six continents, it was the first time the crab had been found in Puget Sound, and ecologists think The Blob enabled its invasion there.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/cas.illinoisstate.edu\/faculty-staff\/profile\/?ulid=wstein\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wolfgang Stein<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and his colleagues have found that ganglia isolated from the digestive nervous system of the green crab maintain a regular, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1263591\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">coordinated rhythm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at higher temperatures than those of certain other crabs, suggesting that this nervous system robustness could be part of how the green crab outcompetes native crabs in the wild.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many aspects of animal physiology contribute to temperature tolerance, and survival can\u2019t be boiled down to any single one of them, says Stein, professor of neurophysiology at Illinois State University. Still, he says, \u201cthe nervous system is one of the major drivers of animal expansion.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stein is part of a small but growing group of neuroscientists investigating the effect of increasing environmental temperatures on crustaceans, birds, fish and other animal groups. Though this could help build a \u201ccritical mass\u201d of information about different species, says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mtresguerres.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mart\u00edn Tresguerres<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of marine biology at the University of California, San Diego, it\u2019s not possible to \u201cstudy absolutely every species.\u201d What the field needs in order to progress is \u201cmore guided\u201d research, he says, with \u201cmore integration.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']T[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he surging interest in studying heat and nervous systems was sparked by observations of another crab. Drawing on many years\u2019 worth of data, researchers in the lab of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brandeis.edu\/biology\/faculty\/marder-eve.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eve Marder<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Brandeis University observed that the temperature at which neurons from the gut nervous system of wild-caught Jonah crabs (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer borealis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) \u201ccrash,\u201d or fall out of sync with one another, is correlated with the temperature of the waters they were collected from. The team was first alerted to the pattern after an unusually mild winter: \u201cThe crabs had just spent six months in water that was much warmer than they were used to,\u201d Marder recalls.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254221' credit='' author='' author_link='']<b>In hot water: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A surprise finding in the Jonah crab after an especially warm winter led to a groundbreaking climate neuroscience paper.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_image]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The resulting <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1261-21.2021\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, published in 2021, is widely seen as a watershed publication in climate neuroscience. It alerted researchers to \u201ca whole new form of data that we haven\u2019t necessarily considered,\u201d says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kavlifoundation.org\/people\/angie-michaiel\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Angie Michaiel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associate program officer in neuroscience in the Kavli Foundation\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kavlifoundation.org\/science\/neuroscience\/neurobiology-changing-ecosystems\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neurobiology and Changing Ecosystems<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> initiative<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher water temperatures affect more than just crabs, of course, and more researchers are beginning to include the effects of environmental change in their work. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/profile\/brandon-weissbourd\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brady Weissbourd<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, assistant professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studies the simple nerve net of a small jellyfish (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clytia hemispherica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), which grows up to 1 centimeter in diameter and is native to the Mediterranean. He has captured high-resolution recordings of neural activity, identifying neurons that influence how the 300-micrometer-long larvae decide to settle and grow into polyps, and he\u2019s also observing how changes in water temperature\u2014and other climate-change-related effects on dissolved oxygen levels and pH\u2014can alter their function.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers are investigating other species as well. When zebrafish (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Danio rerio<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) are exposed to excessive heat, they exhibit behaviors that look \u201clike symptoms of brain malfunctioning,\u201d says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/in.ku.dk\/research\/kermen-lab\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Florence Kermen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associate professor of neuroscience at University of Copenhagen. While observing experiments by colleagues at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology a few years ago, she says she noticed that \u201cthe fish would start losing equilibrium\u201d as the water heated up, \u201cbecome very confused in how they\u2019re swimming, and then end up belly up.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She collaborated with the team and found that just after the water reaches that critical belly-up temperature, a wave of \u201cspreading depolarization\u201d propagates across the brain of the zebrafish, and the membrane potential of neurons and glial cells falls to zero. The team <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2207052119\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reported<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the results in 2022.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_quote author='<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wolfgang Stein<\/span>']<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this field to become a larger enterprise, I think we need to move toward more prediction.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_quote]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outside the oceans, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/biology.indiana.edu\/about\/faculty\/rosvall-kimberly.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kimberly Rosvall<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of biology at Indiana University Bloomington, has found that tree swallows (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tachycineta bicolor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) in Indiana, where summers are hot and humid, have higher levels of heat-shock proteins <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ornithology\/ukac018\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in their brains<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than do those inhabiting cooler Alaskan climes. Yet Indiana nestlings exposed to experimental \u201cheat waves\u201d created by heat packs placed in nesting boxes <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2435.14704\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">do not show elevated levels<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the proteins in their brains\u2014only in their blood. Even more curiously, they are more likely to survive to adulthood than unexposed birds. Rosvall and her team wondered if the findings were a fluke. That wasn\u2019t the case: \u201cThat experiment we have done now several times, and we keep finding the same outcome,\u201d she says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']Y[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">et such studies don\u2019t go far enough, Stein says.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201cRight now, much of the work\u2014including our own\u2014is mostly descriptive,\u201d he says. \u201cFor this field to become a larger enterprise, I think we need to move toward more prediction.\u201d That will help researchers understand which animals will be vulnerable to future conditions, which will be resilient, and why.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To get there, Tresguerres says, will take generating a lot more data points\u2014studying more species, but in a more coordinated way.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tresguerres helms the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adc-nice.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allen Discovery Center for Neurobiology in Changing Environments<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which brings together more than 20 scientists to study the effects of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen changes on the nervous systems of four species scattered widely across the evolutionary tree. The multidisciplinary team is investigating staghorn coral (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acropora cervicornis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), slipper snails (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crepidula fornicata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), painted urchins (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lytechinus pictus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and three-spined stickleback fish (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) \u201cfrom genes to cells to behavior to population genomics,\u201d Tresguerres says.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe four we picked are strategic,\u201d he adds. Each is an ecologically significant species, yet they represent nervous systems of varying complexity. Perhaps most importantly, the application of neuroscience tools and techniques to the four species was already underway. The vision is to lay the foundation of tools and methods that other researchers can easily adapt to expand the scope of climate neuroscience.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_image image_id='254222' credit='' author='' author_link='']<b>Bird brains: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surveying gene expression in brain cell types across bird species might illuminate how resilience is formed.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_image]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tresguerres anticipates that insights from one species (the slipper snail) could help narrow down hypotheses about how related species (clams and mussels) that are not part of the initiative deal with environmental change. Comparing animals with more ability (fish) and less (sea urchins) to regulate their internal environment may also yield insights, he says. So could comparisons among stickleback fish populations, which range from California to Alaska and are expected to be genetically adapted to different climate regimes.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That work thematically aligns with Rosvall\u2019s new research. She and a group of collaborators are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/phlite\/home?authuser=0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">embarking on nesting box heat-wave experiments<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with about 10 species of songbirds, some thriving in a warming world and others in decline. The team thinks surveying gene expression in different cell types across the brains of multiple related species will enable them to understand how evolution builds a brain that can cope with heat. \u201cAre their brains just unflappable?\u201d Rosvall says of the tree swallows. Or simply better than declining species at bouncing back?\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More comprehensive studies would need to be bolstered by \u201ca shared framework,\u201d allowing labs to compare results across species and environments, Stein says\u2014a big effort, but it could line up genetic findings with behavior and survival, he says, which would move the field \u201cfrom a set of interesting observations\u201d to \u201csomething that is more predictive.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then broader revelations should come. \u201cIf we are able to say which systems will be resilient, which will fail under specific environmental conditions or behave differently,\u201d Stein says, it becomes relevant not only for neuroscience, but also ecology and conservation.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAnd that\u2019s not something a single lab can do,\u201d he says. <\/span>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254219"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254219\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256173,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254219\/revisions\/256173"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/107876"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/79"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254211,"date":"2026-08-20T00:00:39","date_gmt":"2026-08-20T04:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254211"},"modified":"2026-08-28T16:55:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T20:55:25","slug":"nuclear-location-helps-control-gene-activity-during-brain-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/spectrum\/nuclear-location-helps-control-gene-activity-during-brain-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuclear location helps control gene activity during brain development"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A study of developing human brain tissue suggests that genes switch on more strongly when they move from the nucleus\u2019s edge toward structures that contain proteins involved in making and processing RNA.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254213,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[17,28,29,298,31,157,197],"class_list":["post-254211","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-autism","tag-chromatin","tag-cortex","tag-gene","tag-gene-expression","tag-neurodevelopment","tag-spectrum"],"acf":{"primary_tag":197,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/FQUV2138","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"feat_image","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<strong>On the move:<\/strong> Neuronal genes SATB2 (top row) and MEF2C (bottom row) sit near the nuclear edge in the germinal zone, a brain region rich in radial glia (left two columns), but are positioned closer to nuclear speckles in the cortical plate, where mature neurons accumulate (right two columns).","hero_by":"Ahanger <em>et al<\/em>., Nature (2026)","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[107386],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"60f9ef76-30a1-4ff3-a23f-5d837958c24e","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As neural stem cells mature into neurons, developmental genes move from the edge of the cell nucleus toward structures called nuclear speckles\u2014a shift associated with increased gene activity, a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10832-w\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of developing human brain tissue found.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The findings suggest that a gene\u2019s position inside the nucleus can influence whether it remains silent or becomes active.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have traditionally focused on chemical tags and regulatory proteins as the main controls on gene activity, says<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.ucsf.edu\/yin.shen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yin Shen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, who wasn\u2019t involved in the study. Finding that where a gene sits inside the nucleus may also matter offers a new way to study normal brain development and neurodevelopmental conditions, she adds. \u201cThis work shifts the way we think about epigenetic regulation.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mutations in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/spectrum\/autisms-link-to-chromatin-remodeling-explained\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chromatin-regulating proteins<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are commonly associated with autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet conventional traits such as histone modifications and DNA accessibility often fail to explain the resulting changes in gene activity, says study investigator<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.ucsf.edu\/daniel.lim\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daniel Lim<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of neurological surgery at the University of California, San Francisco.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe felt that we were missing something,\u201d Lim says. So, the team began investigating whether a gene\u2019s position inside the nucleus could provide that missing layer of information.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']A[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bout 30 to 40 percent of the genome is anchored to the nuclear lamina, a protein mesh lining the nucleus\u2019s inner edge, where genes tend to be less active. By contrast, genes associated with nuclear speckles\u2014small structures inside the nucleus that concentrate proteins involved in transcribing and processing RNA\u2014tend to be highly active.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lim and his colleagues mapped which parts of the genome were associated with the nuclear lamina and speckles in specific cell types from human cortical tissue at 17 and 20 weeks of gestation. As radial glia\u2014the stem cells that give rise to many neurons in the cerebral cortex\u2014matured into neurons, about 23 percent of the genome moved either toward or away from the nuclear lamina.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the 739 genes that detached from the lamina, about 41 percent moved to nuclear speckles. Among these genes are several involved in brain development and neuronal communication, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gene.sfari.org\/database\/human-gene\/SATB2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SATB2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gene.sfari.org\/database\/human-gene\/MEF2C\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MEF2C<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gene.sfari.org\/database\/human-gene\/SYT1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SYT1<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which have been linked to neurodevelopmental conditions.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microscopy confirmed the movement of five neuronal genes. In a brain region rich in radial glia, the genes tended to sit near the nuclear edge, whereas they appeared farther from the lamina and closer to speckles in brain regions where mature neurons accumulate.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_quote author='<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yin Shen<\/span>']<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This work shifts the way we think about epigenetic regulation.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_quote]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team then focused on developmental genes carrying both an activating and a repressive chemical mark, a combination that is thought to keep them silent but ready to switch on. During neurogenesis, genes that lost the repressive mark became much more actively expressed if they also moved away from the nuclear edge, whereas genes that stayed at the lamina changed little. And when the researchers experimentally removed the repressive mark, genes that remained at the lamina still stayed quiet. This suggests that location helps determine whether these poised genes are fully switched on.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The results indicate that the nuclear edge suppresses gene expression partly by keeping the genes away from the machinery needed to complete transcription. The team reported the findings last month in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']S[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hen compares earlier knowledge of nuclear organization to knowing that a city has different neighborhoods but lacking \u201ca detailed address book showing where each resident lives.\u201d The work shows that understanding where genes reside within the nucleus is crucial, she says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study is an important step toward showing that a gene\u2019s three-dimensional position in the nucleus can influence its activity, says<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/pekowskalab.nencki.edu.pl\/lab-members\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aleksandra P\u0119kowska<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who leads the Dioscuri Center of Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics at the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in Warsaw, and who wasn\u2019t involved in the work. But, she says, \u201cthe key experiment will be to establish causality,\u201d including testing whether restoring a gene to the correct nuclear position can rescue its expression independently of local chromatin marks.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future work should also explore factors that could influence gene movement, including mutations in chromatin regulators, P\u0119kowska says. She adds that the implications may extend to laminopathies, in which disrupted nuclear architecture is associated with transcriptional abnormalities.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The findings may also have implications for neurodevelopmental conditions, says<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.med.upenn.edu\/apps\/faculty\/index.php\/g275\/p8945425\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hongjun Song<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of neurological sciences at the University of Pennsylvania, who wasn\u2019t involved in the study. Because several genes that move between the nuclear lamina and speckles are involved in brain development, disrupting that movement could contribute to such conditions, Song says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The work, he adds, \u201coffers a new perspective on disease mechanisms and [may] eventually help identify therapeutic targets.\u201d<\/span>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"callout_comp","callout_title":"Correction","callout_copy":"This story was updated on 28 August 2026 to correct Yin Shen\u2019s title. She is professor, not associate professor.","callout_color":"red"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254211"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254211\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":255499,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254211\/revisions\/255499"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/107386"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/197"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254213"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254230,"date":"2026-08-19T11:00:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T15:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254230"},"modified":"2026-08-20T10:05:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T14:05:01","slug":"five-year-old-human-brain-organoids-aged-on-schedule","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/organoids\/five-year-old-human-brain-organoids-aged-on-schedule\/","title":{"rendered":"Five-year-old human brain organoids aged on schedule"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The cultured spheres typically mimic only prenatal development, but the five-year-old ones grown in Paola Arlotta\u2019s lab acquired postnatal features.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254232,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[609,199,18,22,86,157,39],"class_list":["post-254230","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-aging","tag-cell-types","tag-cellular-neuroscience","tag-electrophysiology","tag-methylation","tag-neurodevelopment","tag-organoids"],"acf":{"primary_tag":39,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/GCYV8461","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"feat_image","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<strong>Oldest organoids:<\/strong> Cortical organoids can survive for up to five years in culture. Here, one five-year-old organoid section is shown in different color schemes.","hero_by":"Courtesy of Irene Faravelli and Noelia Ant\u00f3n-Bola\u00f1os","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[107226],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"efccc6d8-442b-4928-936b-d2fa95e1d133","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For five years, several small batches of cortical organoids grew in an isolated incubator, away from possible contamination and doted upon by a Harvard University research team. The organoids didn\u2019t merely survive, though\u2014they generated diverse neurons and glia and acquired transcriptional and epigenetic features of postnatal brains, all on a human-like schedule, according to a new study published <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10877-x\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">today<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organoids typically model only pre- and perinatal brains and notoriously lack robust electrical activity, says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.yale.edu\/profile\/inhyun-park\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In-Hyun Park<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associate professor of neuroscience and genetics at Yale University, who was not involved with the study. The new work provides an avenue to study postnatal stages of development, he says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the long-lived organoids started losing neuronal signals around the one-year mark, which continued as they aged, the team found. \u201cYes, the organoid was maturing, everything was great, but the neurons were suffering,\u201d says study investigator <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hsci.harvard.edu\/people\/paola-arlotta-phd\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paola Arlotta<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of stem cells and regenerative biology at Harvard.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modifying the culture medium enabled the team to grow a new set of organoids that had more mature excitatory neurons, greater neuronal complexity and enhanced electrical activity.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIf you want to move forward with more network activity, mature human neurons, you need to adapt your tissue culture,\u201d says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pediatrics.ucsd.edu\/research\/faculty-labs\/muotri-lab\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alysson Muotri<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of pediatrics and cellular and molecular medicine at the University of California, San Diego, who was not involved with the study. \u201cI think it\u2019s an important message.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the study proves that organoids can indeed be cultured for a long time, waiting five years to mature organoids is impractical, Muotri says. \u201cNobody\u2019s excited to keep [organoids] that long.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']T[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he human brain develops more slowly than those of most other species, a feature that also holds true for brain organoids. This slow development, along with the fact that organoid quality falls off after three or four months of growth\u2014equivalent to a second-trimester fetal brain\u2014limits their use, Arlotta says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_quote author='<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paola Arlotta<\/span>']<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can reach certain milestones of development and maturation that we didn\u2019t know we could reach in a culture system.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_quote]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe don\u2019t know very much, in terms of understanding experimentally, how the brain develops early postnatally,\u201d Arlotta says. As she and other researchers began to grow organoids for longer, the question eventually became whether these organoids could survive in culture for longer and track the passage of time appropriately to mimic these later stages of development, she adds. \u201cIs it even possible to reach those stages [in an organoid]?\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five years later, Arlotta had an answer: Cortical organoids in culture could survive for a long time. And they aged on a human-like schedule, acquiring DNA methylation and transcriptional profiles similar to those of postnatal brains, the study shows. In fact, epigenetic clocks based on tissue samples from developing human cortices reliably predict an organoid\u2019s age, showing that these cells can keep time in a fashion much like cells in vivo.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cYou can reach certain milestones of development and maturation that we didn\u2019t know we could reach in a culture system,\u201d Arlotta says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The findings were a \u201crelief\u201d to Muotri, who had previously found that 10-month-old organoids could acquire features of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2019.08.002\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">complex, oscillatory activity<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as they grew in vitro. \u201cThey\u2019re basically seeing the same thing that we show.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, RNA does not always reflect protein expression, Muotri says. (Muotri is co-founder of and has an equity interest in Tismoo, a company that uses human brain organoids to study autism and other neurological conditions.) \u201cI think that\u2019s what\u2019s missing here: moving away from transcription and actually getting to exactly what the number of proteins [is], and how many proteins in its cell type, and using that as a ruler for aging.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a separate set of experiments, the researchers transferred 70-day-old organoids from their typical culture medium to a modified version of the commercially available BrainPhys medium called activity-permissive medium\u2014a cocktail that contains less glucose and ion concentrations closer to physiological levels\u2014and added a molecule that improves glutamine stability. This medium enables neuronal synchronization and more robust neural activity, Arlotta says. By one year of age in the new medium, organoids had more neurons, arborization and mature synapses and stronger electrical network activity than those grown in regular medium, the study shows. Even after two years, organoids grown in this modified medium still showed active bursting.<\/span>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image_comp","aspect_ratio":"inline3-2","title":"","image":254233,"link":"","image_caption":"<strong>Older and wiser:<\/strong> Progenitor cells from old organoids (green) retain a temporal memory of development while still responding to instructive signals when mixed with progenitor cells from younger organoids (red).","image_byline":{"by":"Courtesy of Irene Faravelli and Noelia Ant\u00f3n-Bola\u00f1os","credit":""}},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"[tt_text class='']W[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ith an established model of mature organoids, the researchers created chimeroids\u2014organoids composed of cells from different sources\u2014made up of neural progenitors from 9-month-old organoids and progenitors from 15-day-old organoids to see if the older cells had a memory of their developmental time.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cells from the old organoids activated neurogenesis and started producing neurons, possibly in response to instructive signals from the younger cells. However, these experienced cells skipped early steps of neurogenesis, creating cell types in just two weeks that would otherwise show up at the two month mark, \u201cas if they knew that they had already undergone development,\u201d Arlotta says. \u201cThey could do different things because they were older.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the study provides proof of principle that organoids can be effectively matured, Arlotta says she does not expect researchers to wait five years for organoids to grow. Rather, the field should work now on shortening the time it takes to produce mature organoids, she says. Some strategies already exist, such as using progerin to induce aging phenotypes. But it\u2019s unclear whether those strategies mimic the natural aging processes, she adds.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis is how it looks like if you just gave it time and nothing else, like nature does it,\u201d Arlotta says. \u201cWhat are the consequences of accelerating development? Would you get the same brain or a different brain with different features?\u201d<\/span>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254230"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254230\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":254362,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254230\/revisions\/254362"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/107226"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/39"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254232"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254230"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":253789,"date":"2026-08-19T00:00:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T04:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=253789"},"modified":"2026-08-19T11:51:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T15:51:46","slug":"marco-facchin-explores-the-ever-shifting-landscape-of-neuroscience-theory-and-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/brain-inspired\/marco-facchin-explores-the-ever-shifting-landscape-of-neuroscience-theory-and-philosophy\/","title":{"rendered":"Marco Facchin explores the ever-shifting landscape of neuroscience theory and philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Computational explanations of cognition, though powerful, aren&#8217;t the only game in town.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":76,"featured_media":254130,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[156],"tags":[613,166,143,147,573],"class_list":["post-253789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-podcasts","tag-brain-inspired","tag-cognitive-neuroscience","tag-computational-neuroscience","tag-philosophy","tag-theoretical-neuroscience"],"acf":{"primary_tag":613,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/OIPK3091","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"youtube","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"lucgpEguCQo","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"","hero_by":"","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[211244],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"1aeaea6e-f401-4259-ac30-e833a2917a90","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this \"Brain Inspired\" episode, Paul Middlebrooks talks with<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/marcofacchinmarcof.wixsite.com\/site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marco Facchin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a postdoctoral researcher in philosophy at the University of Antwerp. Facchin recently hosted a workshop called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/en\/research-groups\/philosophical-psychology\/events\/pastevents\/pastevents\/2026\/beyond-neurocomputationalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beyond Neuro-computationalism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, at which participants explored a variety of alternative theoretical and philosophical perspectives for explaining cognition.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/BI-244-Marco-Facchin.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the transcript<\/a>."}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/76"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=253789"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":254353,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253789\/revisions\/254353"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/211244"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/613"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254130"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=253789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=253789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254151,"date":"2026-08-19T00:00:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T04:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254151"},"modified":"2026-09-09T16:08:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T20:08:35","slug":"brainstem-neurons-add-new-element-to-already-complex-anxiety-circuitry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/behavior\/brainstem-neurons-add-new-element-to-already-complex-anxiety-circuitry\/","title":{"rendered":"Brainstem neurons add new element to \u2018already complex\u2019 anxiety circuitry"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Precise optogenetic modulation of a medullary neuron population reveals their role in anxiety-like behaviors.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":254153,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[83,27,722,597,43],"class_list":["post-254151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-anxiety","tag-audio-research-news","tag-behavior","tag-brainstem","tag-circuits"],"acf":{"primary_tag":722,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/RPNV5097","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"video","hero_alt_image":null,"hero_youtube":"","hero_video":254156,"hero_layout":"landscape","hero_caption":"<strong>Worrywart cells:<\/strong> Stress preferentially activates C1 neurons (green), which intermingle with A1 neurons (magenta) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.","hero_by":"Courtesy of Lindsay Schwarz and Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Pe\u00f1a","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"tan","authors":[250256],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"2da842bb-c1f0-455e-a653-c83c4e4e36ca","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"audio_comp","audio_title":"LISTEN TO THIS STORY:","audio":256164,"apple_link":"","spotify_link":"","google_link":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sound the alarm! Activating a subset of neurons in the medulla promotes anxiety in mice, a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2026.06.012\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neuron<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> finds.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anxiety is typically thought of as a set of \u201ccomplex, social, environmental, biological, neurobiological interactions\u201d involving multiple regions across the brain, says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/brain-sciences\/icn\/research\/research-groups\/neuroscience-and-mental-health\/oliver-robinson\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oliver Robinson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, professor of neuroscience and mental health at University College London, who was not involved in this work. So he was \u201csurprised that you can have such dramatic effects by just looking at a single cell type.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The role of medullary neurons in anxiety adds to a growing body of work on anxiety circuitry, says study investigator <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unmc.edu\/newsroom\/2026\/01\/28\/new-faculty-spotlight-carlos-fernandez-pena-phd\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Pe\u00f1a<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, assistant professor of neurological sciences at the University of Nebraska. \u201cIt was already complex. Now let\u2019s add some more.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two sets of neurons\u2014C1 and A1\u2014in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) produce catecholamines that could drive anxiety, but only C1 neurons are activated when mice are stressed, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pe\u00f1a says. The challenge, then, was to study only C1 neurons, which are intermingled with A1 neurons, in awake mice to uncover their role in anxiety-like behaviors, he says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He and his colleagues employed two different genetic recombination tools\u2014one called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4085277\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">INTRSECT<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and another called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01659-7\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ConVERGD<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014for the first time, according to study investigator <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stjude.org\/people\/s\/lindsay-schwarz.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lindsay Schwarz<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associate member of the St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital faculty, who co-developed the latter tool. This pairing enabled them to make transgenic mice in which they could optogenetically modulate only the C1 neurons and not the A1 cells, using careful genetic logic.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The specificity in targeting C1 neurons was \u201ctechnically very impressive,\u201d relying on \u201cdeceptively tricky\u201d tools, says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psychiatry.wustl.edu\/people\/alexxai-v-kravitz\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alexxai Kravitz<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associate professor of neuroscience and psychiatry at Washington University in St. Louis, who was not involved in this work.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_sidebar_quote author='<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lindsay Schwarz<\/span>']<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This whole project wouldn\u2019t have been possible without this kind of ongoing effort to make better tools to target these neurons.<\/span>[\/tt_sidebar_quote]\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']O[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ptogenetically activating the C1 neurons caused transgenic mice to linger near the walls more than controls did in the open field test and elevated zero maze\u2014standard assays to study anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Conversely, eavesdropping on the C1 neurons while the mice transitioned from safe closed areas to anxiety-inducing open ones showed that stress induces C1 neuronal activity, which declined sharply once the mice returned to their safe spaces.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a looming fear test, where a dark shadow broadens above mice to simulate a predator approaching, those with optogenetically silenced C1 neurons were less likely to freeze in place than controls.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although C1 neurons project to many brain regions, their projection to periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) is responsible for processing information about physiological changes and for modulating emotional responses, the study suggests. Optogenetic stimulation of C1 projections to ventrolateral PAG in particular made mice more likely to stick to the walls of the behavioral tests without exploring. A week later, they still crouched in the corners during a follow-up test, even though they had been undisturbed in the meantime.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[tt_text class='']A[\/tt_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lthough these findings indicate that C1 neurons play a part in promoting anxiety, \u201cwe don\u2019t know where in the circuit we are right now,\u201d Schwarz says. \u201cOur role is to keep walking both forwards and backwards in the circuit and finding all of the relevant contributors that are multiple synapses away, and we just started.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anxiety has \u201ca really crazy circuit that\u2019s hugely dispersed across the brain,\u201d says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.murphyroyallab.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ciaran Murphy-Royal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associate professor of neuroscience at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, who showed that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/spectrum\/astrocytes-in-mouse-amygdala-encode-emotional-state\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">amygdala astrocytes encode anxiety-like states in mice<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2026.02.038\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in March 2026. He says he doesn\u2019t think this work in medullary neurons conflicts with his, though, because C1 neurons and astrocytes could be two parts of a larger circuit. In fact, this work gives him a new place to look for astrocytes that may contribute to anxiety. \u201cThere\u2019s very few people doing astrocyte studies in the brainstem. It's really difficult.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Part of the difficulty of studying isolated astrocyte populations is the lack of intersectional tools like the ones this study develops, which were the \u201ckey features\u201d that made this C1 neuron targeting possible, Murphy-Royal says.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schwarz agrees, saying that \u201cthis whole project wouldn\u2019t have been possible without this kind of ongoing effort to make better tools to target these neurons,\u201d and advises researchers not to let the lack of a tool stop a project before it starts. She says that more intersectional tools need to be developed in order to target only A1 neurons, which could also contribute to the vast anxiety circuit.<\/span>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254151"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256168,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254151\/revisions\/256168"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/250256"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/722"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254151"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":254183,"date":"2026-08-18T00:00:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T04:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/?p=254183"},"modified":"2026-08-19T11:55:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T15:55:48","slug":"links-between-tuberous-sclerosis-complex-and-autism-and-more","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/spectrum\/links-between-tuberous-sclerosis-complex-and-autism-and-more\/","title":{"rendered":"Links between tuberous sclerosis complex and autism, and more"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here is a roundup of autism-related news and research spotted around the web for the week of 17 August.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":205458,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[17,207,197,196],"class_list":["post-254183","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-autism","tag-science-and-society","tag-spectrum","tag-spotted"],"acf":{"primary_tag":197,"doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53053\/PETX2698","citation_count":"0","custom_js_library":"","hero_type":"alt_image","hero_alt_image":"","hero_youtube":"","hero_video":null,"hero_layout":"full","hero_caption":"","hero_by":"","hero_credit":"","hero_bg_color":"none","authors":[107484],"other_authors":"","related_title":"Explore more from <em>The Transmitter<\/em>","related_hide":false,"related_filter":"latest","related_tag":null,"related_category":null,"related_custom":{"articles":null},"related_custom_wwn":{"articles":null},"newsletter":"","banner_content":"","banner_url":"","apple_article_id":"2eb8206f-ebe9-4dcd-b5af-2ab6331ff9ce","apple_article_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","google_button_text":"","google_btn_bg_color":"","tooltip_text":"","sidebar_related_hide":false,"sidebar_related_title":"related articles","sidebar_related_hide_images":false,"sidebar_related_articles":"","comps":[{"acf_fc_layout":"copy_comp","copy":"<b>Connected conditions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A new <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi.70431\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> describes developmental pathways from tuberous sclerosis complex to autism. In a cohort of 125 children with tuberous sclerosis, followed for 10 years, 40 percent had an autism diagnosis, which was associated with more cortical tubers and infantile spasms. By identifying aspects of tuberous sclerosis complex in early life that lead to autism diagnosis, the work points to shared mechanisms between the conditions and may inform future therapeutics.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<b>Autism research spotted this week:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAdvancing mental health and well-being of Nigerian children through public health screening for fragile X disorders (CHAMP-FX): Protocol of a prospective multicentre screening study with longitudinal follow-up\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0355384\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PLOS One<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cTrump signs order on childhood vaccines while making unproved links between jabs and autism\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2026-100549\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cNeurocrine Biosciences rare disease drug possibly tied to safety issues, experts say\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2026\/08\/12\/neurocrine-biosciences-vykat-prader-willi\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">STAT<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254183","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=254183"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":254354,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/254183\/revisions\/254354"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor\/107484"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"post_tag","href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/197"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/205458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=254183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=254183"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thetransmitter.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=254183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]