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Michael Shadlen explains how theory of mind ushers nonconscious thoughts into consciousness

All of our thoughts, mostly nonconscious, are interrogations of the world, Shadlen says. The opportunity to report our answers to ourselves or others brings a thought into conscious awareness.

By Paul Middlebrooks
28 January 2026 | 109 min watch

In this episode of “Brain Inspired,” Paul Middlebrooks talks with Michael Shadlen, professor of neuroscience at Columbia University. Decades spent studying the neural basis of perceptual decision-making have informed Shadlen’s account of how consciousness emerges: Our brain is constantly interrogating the world, and subjective experience occurs only when those nonconscious questions can be reported to someone else or to ourselves. To that end, only organisms with theory of mind possess consciousness, he says.

Read the transcript.

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