Top tools and techniques of 2011

By Peggy Kaplin

23 December 2011 | 1 min read

This article is more than five years old.

Neuroscience—and science in general—is constantly evolving, so older articles may contain information or theories that have been reevaluated since their original publication date.

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Brain bursts

Optogenetics allows scientists to precisely control the activity in subsets of neurons using light. When researchers used the technique in mice to increase the activity of excitatory neurons (shown here in the lower image) in the prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in social behavior, the animals stopped interacting with others. The new findings support the idea that autism stems from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain.

Later in the year, the same group used optogenetics to identify a circuit in the amygdala that drives anxiety. Activating the circuit with light inspires mice to overcome their fears and explore unfamiliar territory, and inhibiting the circuit with proteins designed to dampen neural activity makes them more anxious.

References:

1. Yizhar O.et al. Nature 477, 171-178 (2011) PubMed

2. Tye K.M. et al. Nature 471, 358–362 (2011) PubMed